Leveling the emissions playing field and reshaping cross-border trade.
The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) ensures imported goods face the same carbon costs as those produced inside the EU. It targets embedded emissions in six sectors: iron and steel, cement, aluminium, fertilisers, electricity, and hydrogen. For companies outside the EU, no emissions data means no market access.
A certificate represents one tonne of embedded emissions, surrendered for the imported good, after accounting for the applicable CBAM free allocation adjustment during the phase-in period
CBAM certificate price
The price of CBAM certificates, linked to the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) carbon price. In 2026, the price is based on the quarterly average EU ETS price (using the import date), and from 2027 onwards, on the weekly average EU ETS price (using the certificate purchase date).
Default values
EU-published standard emissions factors that vary by country and CN code. These are used when actual verified emissions are not available.
Free allocation
From 2026-2034, the price of CBAM certificates will be discounted to give importers time to adjust, and align with the gradual phase-out of free allowances under the EU ETS. This discount will decrease progressively each year and be fully phased out in 2034.
Sectors affected by CBAM
Iron & Steel, Fertilizer, Cement, Aluminium, Electricity, Hydrogen
Who Must Comply?
1
EU Importers
Companies importing CBAM-regulated goods into the European Union are required to report embedded emissions for each shipment and, starting in 2026, purchase CBAM certificates matching the carbon content of imported goods.
2
Non-EU Manufacturers & Exporters
Suppliers outside the EU who export covered products (steel, aluminium, fertilisers, etc.) must provide accurate, verified emissions data to their EU partners. Without this data, their products may face reporting penalties or lose market access.
3
Customs Agents & Declarants
Traders, customs brokers, and third-party representatives acting on behalf of importers must ensure timely CBAM registration, quarterly reporting, and certificate surrender from 2026. Non-compliance can lead to fines of €10–€50 per tonne of CO₂.
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Industries Impacted by CBAM & ESG
These are the industries that fall under the scope of this regulation and may be directly impacted by its requirements.